odp-util: Format and scan multiple MPLS labels.
[cascardo/ovs.git] / tests / test-classifier.c
index 2fe9a5d..675d47d 100644 (file)
 #include "byte-order.h"
 #include "classifier-private.h"
 #include "command-line.h"
+#include "fatal-signal.h"
 #include "flow.h"
 #include "ofp-util.h"
 #include "ovstest.h"
+#include "ovs-atomic.h"
+#include "ovs-thread.h"
 #include "packets.h"
 #include "random.h"
+#include "timeval.h"
 #include "unaligned.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 static bool versioned = false;
 
 /* Fields in a rule. */
-#define CLS_FIELDS                        \
-    /*        struct flow    all-caps */  \
-    /*        member name    name     */  \
-    /*        -----------    -------- */  \
-    CLS_FIELD(tunnel.tun_id, TUN_ID)      \
-    CLS_FIELD(metadata,      METADATA)    \
-    CLS_FIELD(nw_src,        NW_SRC)      \
-    CLS_FIELD(nw_dst,        NW_DST)      \
-    CLS_FIELD(in_port,       IN_PORT)     \
-    CLS_FIELD(vlan_tci,      VLAN_TCI)    \
-    CLS_FIELD(dl_type,       DL_TYPE)     \
-    CLS_FIELD(tp_src,        TP_SRC)      \
-    CLS_FIELD(tp_dst,        TP_DST)      \
-    CLS_FIELD(dl_src,        DL_SRC)      \
-    CLS_FIELD(dl_dst,        DL_DST)      \
-    CLS_FIELD(nw_proto,      NW_PROTO)    \
-    CLS_FIELD(nw_tos,        NW_DSCP)
+#define CLS_FIELDS                            \
+    /*        struct flow        all-caps */  \
+    /*        member name        name     */  \
+    /*        -----------        -------- */  \
+    CLS_FIELD(tunnel.tun_id,     TUN_ID)      \
+    CLS_FIELD(metadata,          METADATA)    \
+    CLS_FIELD(nw_src,            NW_SRC)      \
+    CLS_FIELD(nw_dst,            NW_DST)      \
+    CLS_FIELD(in_port.ofp_port,  IN_PORT)     \
+    CLS_FIELD(vlan_tci,          VLAN_TCI)    \
+    CLS_FIELD(dl_type,           DL_TYPE)     \
+    CLS_FIELD(tp_src,            TP_SRC)      \
+    CLS_FIELD(tp_dst,            TP_DST)      \
+    CLS_FIELD(dl_src,            DL_SRC)      \
+    CLS_FIELD(dl_dst,            DL_DST)      \
+    CLS_FIELD(nw_proto,          NW_PROTO)    \
+    CLS_FIELD(nw_tos,            NW_DSCP)
 
 /* Field indexes.
  *
@@ -110,8 +114,7 @@ test_rule_destroy(struct test_rule *rule)
     }
 }
 
-static struct test_rule *make_rule(int wc_fields, int priority, int value_pat,
-                                   long long version);
+static struct test_rule *make_rule(int wc_fields, int priority, int value_pat);
 static void free_rule(struct test_rule *);
 static struct test_rule *clone_rule(const struct test_rule *);
 
@@ -281,11 +284,11 @@ tcls_delete_matches(struct tcls *cls, const struct cls_rule *target)
 
     for (i = 0; i < cls->n_rules; ) {
         struct test_rule *pos = cls->rules[i];
-        if (!minimask_has_extra(&pos->cls_rule.match.mask,
-                                &target->match.mask)) {
+        if (!minimask_has_extra(pos->cls_rule.match.mask,
+                                target->match.mask)) {
             struct flow flow;
 
-            miniflow_expand(&pos->cls_rule.match.flow, &flow);
+            miniflow_expand(pos->cls_rule.match.flow, &flow);
             if (match(target, &flow)) {
                 tcls_remove(cls, pos);
                 continue;
@@ -312,12 +315,12 @@ static ovs_be16 dl_type_values[]
 static ovs_be16 tp_src_values[] = { CONSTANT_HTONS(49362),
                                     CONSTANT_HTONS(80) };
 static ovs_be16 tp_dst_values[] = { CONSTANT_HTONS(6667), CONSTANT_HTONS(22) };
-static uint8_t dl_src_values[][ETH_ADDR_LEN] = {
-                                      { 0x00, 0x02, 0xe3, 0x0f, 0x80, 0xa4 },
-                                      { 0x5e, 0x33, 0x7f, 0x5f, 0x1e, 0x99 } };
-static uint8_t dl_dst_values[][ETH_ADDR_LEN] = {
-                                      { 0x4a, 0x27, 0x71, 0xae, 0x64, 0xc1 },
-                                      { 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff } };
+static struct eth_addr dl_src_values[] = {
+    { { { 0x00, 0x02, 0xe3, 0x0f, 0x80, 0xa4 } } },
+    { { { 0x5e, 0x33, 0x7f, 0x5f, 0x1e, 0x99 } } } };
+static struct eth_addr dl_dst_values[] = {
+    { { { 0x4a, 0x27, 0x71, 0xae, 0x64, 0xc1 } } },
+    { { { 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff } } } };
 static uint8_t nw_proto_values[] = { IPPROTO_TCP, IPPROTO_ICMP };
 static uint8_t nw_dscp_values[] = { 48, 0 };
 
@@ -338,11 +341,11 @@ init_values(void)
     values[CLS_F_IDX_VLAN_TCI][0] = &vlan_tci_values[0];
     values[CLS_F_IDX_VLAN_TCI][1] = &vlan_tci_values[1];
 
-    values[CLS_F_IDX_DL_SRC][0] = dl_src_values[0];
-    values[CLS_F_IDX_DL_SRC][1] = dl_src_values[1];
+    values[CLS_F_IDX_DL_SRC][0] = &dl_src_values[0];
+    values[CLS_F_IDX_DL_SRC][1] = &dl_src_values[1];
 
-    values[CLS_F_IDX_DL_DST][0] = dl_dst_values[0];
-    values[CLS_F_IDX_DL_DST][1] = dl_dst_values[1];
+    values[CLS_F_IDX_DL_DST][0] = &dl_dst_values[0];
+    values[CLS_F_IDX_DL_DST][1] = &dl_dst_values[1];
 
     values[CLS_F_IDX_DL_TYPE][0] = &dl_type_values[0];
     values[CLS_F_IDX_DL_TYPE][1] = &dl_type_values[1];
@@ -403,7 +406,7 @@ get_value(unsigned int *x, unsigned n_values)
 
 static void
 compare_classifiers(struct classifier *cls, size_t n_invisible_rules,
-                    long long version, struct tcls *tcls)
+                    cls_version_t version, struct tcls *tcls)
 {
     static const int confidence = 500;
     unsigned int i;
@@ -428,10 +431,8 @@ compare_classifiers(struct classifier *cls, size_t n_invisible_rules,
         flow.dl_type = dl_type_values[get_value(&x, N_DL_TYPE_VALUES)];
         flow.tp_src = tp_src_values[get_value(&x, N_TP_SRC_VALUES)];
         flow.tp_dst = tp_dst_values[get_value(&x, N_TP_DST_VALUES)];
-        memcpy(flow.dl_src, dl_src_values[get_value(&x, N_DL_SRC_VALUES)],
-               ETH_ADDR_LEN);
-        memcpy(flow.dl_dst, dl_dst_values[get_value(&x, N_DL_DST_VALUES)],
-               ETH_ADDR_LEN);
+        flow.dl_src = dl_src_values[get_value(&x, N_DL_SRC_VALUES)];
+        flow.dl_dst = dl_dst_values[get_value(&x, N_DL_DST_VALUES)];
         flow.nw_proto = nw_proto_values[get_value(&x, N_NW_PROTO_VALUES)];
         flow.nw_tos = nw_dscp_values[get_value(&x, N_NW_DSCP_VALUES)];
 
@@ -520,7 +521,7 @@ verify_tries(struct classifier *cls)
 
 static void
 check_tables(const struct classifier *cls, int n_tables, int n_rules,
-             int n_dups, int n_invisible, long long version)
+             int n_dups, int n_invisible, cls_version_t version)
     OVS_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
 {
     const struct cls_subtable *table;
@@ -564,7 +565,7 @@ check_tables(const struct classifier *cls, int n_tables, int n_rules,
 
         CMAP_FOR_EACH (head, cmap_node, &table->rules) {
             int prev_priority = INT_MAX;
-            long long prev_version = 0;
+            cls_version_t prev_version = 0;
             const struct cls_match *rule, *prev;
             bool found_visible_rules_in_list = false;
 
@@ -576,7 +577,7 @@ check_tables(const struct classifier *cls, int n_tables, int n_rules,
             }
 
             FOR_EACH_RULE_IN_LIST_PROTECTED(rule, prev, head) {
-                long long rule_version;
+                cls_version_t rule_version;
                 const struct cls_rule *found_rule;
 
                 /* Priority may not increase. */
@@ -601,24 +602,25 @@ check_tables(const struct classifier *cls, int n_tables, int n_rules,
                 }
 
                 /* Rule must be visible in the version it was inserted. */
-                rule_version = rule->cls_rule->version;
+                rule_version = rule->add_version;
                 assert(cls_match_visible_in_version(rule, rule_version));
 
                 /* We should always find the latest version of the rule,
                  * unless all rules have been marked for removal.
                  * Later versions must always be later in the list. */
-                found_rule = classifier_find_rule_exactly(cls, rule->cls_rule);
+                found_rule = classifier_find_rule_exactly(cls, rule->cls_rule,
+                                                          rule_version);
                 if (found_rule && found_rule != rule->cls_rule) {
 
                     assert(found_rule->priority == rule->priority);
 
                     /* Found rule may not have a lower version. */
-                    assert(found_rule->version >= rule_version);
+                    assert(found_rule->cls_match->add_version >= rule_version);
 
                     /* This rule must not be visible in the found rule's
                      * version. */
-                    assert(!cls_match_visible_in_version(rule,
-                                                         found_rule->version));
+                    assert(!cls_match_visible_in_version(
+                               rule, found_rule->cls_match->add_version));
                 }
 
                 if (rule->priority == prev_priority) {
@@ -659,7 +661,7 @@ check_tables(const struct classifier *cls, int n_tables, int n_rules,
 }
 
 static struct test_rule *
-make_rule(int wc_fields, int priority, int value_pat, long long version)
+make_rule(int wc_fields, int priority, int value_pat)
 {
     const struct cls_field *f;
     struct test_rule *rule;
@@ -681,9 +683,9 @@ make_rule(int wc_fields, int priority, int value_pat, long long version)
         } else if (f_idx == CLS_F_IDX_TP_DST) {
             match.wc.masks.tp_dst = OVS_BE16_MAX;
         } else if (f_idx == CLS_F_IDX_DL_SRC) {
-            memset(match.wc.masks.dl_src, 0xff, ETH_ADDR_LEN);
+            WC_MASK_FIELD(&match.wc, dl_src);
         } else if (f_idx == CLS_F_IDX_DL_DST) {
-            memset(match.wc.masks.dl_dst, 0xff, ETH_ADDR_LEN);
+            WC_MASK_FIELD(&match.wc, dl_dst);
         } else if (f_idx == CLS_F_IDX_VLAN_TCI) {
             match.wc.masks.vlan_tci = OVS_BE16_MAX;
         } else if (f_idx == CLS_F_IDX_TUN_ID) {
@@ -707,7 +709,7 @@ make_rule(int wc_fields, int priority, int value_pat, long long version)
     cls_rule_init(&rule->cls_rule, &match, wc_fields
                   ? (priority == INT_MIN ? priority + 1 :
                      priority == INT_MAX ? priority - 1 : priority)
-                  : 0, version);
+                  : 0);
     return rule;
 }
 
@@ -801,14 +803,13 @@ test_single_rule(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
         struct tcls tcls;
 
         rule = make_rule(wc_fields,
-                         hash_bytes(&wc_fields, sizeof wc_fields, 0), 0,
-                         CLS_MIN_VERSION);
+                         hash_bytes(&wc_fields, sizeof wc_fields, 0), 0);
         classifier_init(&cls, flow_segment_u64s);
         set_prefix_fields(&cls);
         tcls_init(&tcls);
         tcls_rule = tcls_insert(&tcls, rule);
 
-        classifier_insert(&cls, &rule->cls_rule, NULL, 0);
+        classifier_insert(&cls, &rule->cls_rule, CLS_MIN_VERSION, NULL, 0);
         compare_classifiers(&cls, 0, CLS_MIN_VERSION, &tcls);
         check_tables(&cls, 1, 1, 0, 0, CLS_MIN_VERSION);
 
@@ -836,10 +837,8 @@ test_rule_replacement(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
         struct test_rule *rule2;
         struct tcls tcls;
 
-        rule1 = make_rule(wc_fields, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY, UINT_MAX,
-                          CLS_MIN_VERSION);
-        rule2 = make_rule(wc_fields, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY, UINT_MAX,
-                          CLS_MIN_VERSION);
+        rule1 = make_rule(wc_fields, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY, UINT_MAX);
+        rule2 = make_rule(wc_fields, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY, UINT_MAX);
         rule2->aux += 5;
         rule2->aux += 5;
 
@@ -847,7 +846,7 @@ test_rule_replacement(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
         set_prefix_fields(&cls);
         tcls_init(&tcls);
         tcls_insert(&tcls, rule1);
-        classifier_insert(&cls, &rule1->cls_rule, NULL, 0);
+        classifier_insert(&cls, &rule1->cls_rule, CLS_MIN_VERSION, NULL, 0);
         compare_classifiers(&cls, 0, CLS_MIN_VERSION, &tcls);
         check_tables(&cls, 1, 1, 0, 0, CLS_MIN_VERSION);
         tcls_destroy(&tcls);
@@ -856,7 +855,7 @@ test_rule_replacement(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
         tcls_insert(&tcls, rule2);
 
         assert(test_rule_from_cls_rule(
-                   classifier_replace(&cls, &rule2->cls_rule,
+                   classifier_replace(&cls, &rule2->cls_rule, CLS_MIN_VERSION,
                                       NULL, 0)) == rule1);
         ovsrcu_postpone(free_rule, rule1);
         compare_classifiers(&cls, 0, CLS_MIN_VERSION, &tcls);
@@ -950,13 +949,13 @@ test_many_rules_in_one_list (struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
             int pri_rules[N_RULES];
             struct classifier cls;
             struct tcls tcls;
-            long long version = CLS_MIN_VERSION;
+            cls_version_t version = CLS_MIN_VERSION;
             size_t n_invisible_rules = 0;
 
             n_permutations++;
 
             for (i = 0; i < N_RULES; i++) {
-                rules[i] = make_rule(456, pris[i], 0, version);
+                rules[i] = make_rule(456, pris[i], 0);
                 tcls_rules[i] = NULL;
                 pri_rules[i] = -1;
             }
@@ -975,13 +974,12 @@ test_many_rules_in_one_list (struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
                     tcls_rules[j] = tcls_insert(&tcls, rules[j]);
                     if (versioned) {
                         /* Insert the new rule in the next version. */
-                        *CONST_CAST(cls_version_t *,
-                                    &rules[j]->cls_rule.version)
-                            = ++version;
+                        ++version;
 
                         displaced_rule = test_rule_from_cls_rule(
                             classifier_find_rule_exactly(&cls,
-                                                         &rules[j]->cls_rule));
+                                                         &rules[j]->cls_rule,
+                                                         version));
                         if (displaced_rule) {
                             /* Mark the old rule for removal after the current
                              * version. */
@@ -990,11 +988,12 @@ test_many_rules_in_one_list (struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
                             n_invisible_rules++;
                             removable_rule = &displaced_rule->cls_rule;
                         }
-                        classifier_insert(&cls, &rules[j]->cls_rule, NULL, 0);
+                        classifier_insert(&cls, &rules[j]->cls_rule, version,
+                                          NULL, 0);
                     } else {
                         displaced_rule = test_rule_from_cls_rule(
                             classifier_replace(&cls, &rules[j]->cls_rule,
-                                               NULL, 0));
+                                               version, NULL, 0));
                     }
                     if (pri_rules[pris[j]] >= 0) {
                         int k = pri_rules[pris[j]];
@@ -1010,9 +1009,9 @@ test_many_rules_in_one_list (struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
                     if (versioned) {
                         /* Mark the rule for removal after the current
                          * version. */
-                        cls_rule_make_invisible_in_version(
-                            &rules[j]->cls_rule, version + 1);
                         ++version;
+                        cls_rule_make_invisible_in_version(
+                            &rules[j]->cls_rule, version);
                         n_invisible_rules++;
                         removable_rule = &rules[j]->cls_rule;
                     } else {
@@ -1093,7 +1092,7 @@ test_many_rules_in_one_table(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
         struct test_rule *tcls_rules[N_RULES];
         struct classifier cls;
         struct tcls tcls;
-        long long version = CLS_MIN_VERSION;
+        cls_version_t version = CLS_MIN_VERSION;
         size_t n_invisible_rules = 0;
         int value_pats[N_RULES];
         int value_mask;
@@ -1117,10 +1116,10 @@ test_many_rules_in_one_table(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
             } while (array_contains(value_pats, i, value_pats[i]));
 
             ++version;
-            rules[i] = make_rule(wcf, priority, value_pats[i], version);
+            rules[i] = make_rule(wcf, priority, value_pats[i]);
             tcls_rules[i] = tcls_insert(&tcls, rules[i]);
 
-            classifier_insert(&cls, &rules[i]->cls_rule, NULL, 0);
+            classifier_insert(&cls, &rules[i]->cls_rule, version, NULL, 0);
             compare_classifiers(&cls, n_invisible_rules, version, &tcls);
 
             check_tables(&cls, 1, i + 1, 0, n_invisible_rules, version);
@@ -1130,9 +1129,9 @@ test_many_rules_in_one_table(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
             tcls_remove(&tcls, tcls_rules[i]);
             if (versioned) {
                 /* Mark the rule for removal after the current version. */
-                cls_rule_make_invisible_in_version(&rules[i]->cls_rule,
-                                                   version + 1);
                 ++version;
+                cls_rule_make_invisible_in_version(&rules[i]->cls_rule,
+                                                   version);
                 n_invisible_rules++;
             } else {
                 classifier_remove(&cls, &rules[i]->cls_rule);
@@ -1182,7 +1181,7 @@ test_many_rules_in_n_tables(int n_tables)
         int priorities[MAX_RULES];
         struct classifier cls;
         struct tcls tcls;
-        long long version = CLS_MIN_VERSION;
+        cls_version_t version = CLS_MIN_VERSION;
         size_t n_invisible_rules = 0;
         struct ovs_list list = OVS_LIST_INITIALIZER(&list);
 
@@ -1201,9 +1200,9 @@ test_many_rules_in_n_tables(int n_tables)
             int priority = priorities[i];
             int wcf = wcfs[random_range(n_tables)];
             int value_pat = random_uint32() & ((1u << CLS_N_FIELDS) - 1);
-            rule = make_rule(wcf, priority, value_pat, version);
+            rule = make_rule(wcf, priority, value_pat);
             tcls_insert(&tcls, rule);
-            classifier_insert(&cls, &rule->cls_rule, NULL, 0);
+            classifier_insert(&cls, &rule->cls_rule, version, NULL, 0);
             compare_classifiers(&cls, n_invisible_rules, version, &tcls);
             check_tables(&cls, -1, i + 1, -1, n_invisible_rules, version);
         }
@@ -1215,7 +1214,8 @@ test_many_rules_in_n_tables(int n_tables)
 
             target = clone_rule(tcls.rules[random_range(tcls.n_rules)]);
 
-            CLS_FOR_EACH_TARGET (rule, cls_rule, &cls, &target->cls_rule) {
+            CLS_FOR_EACH_TARGET (rule, cls_rule, &cls, &target->cls_rule,
+                                 version) {
                 if (versioned) {
                     /* Mark the rule for removal after the current version. */
                     cls_rule_make_invisible_in_version(&rule->cls_rule,
@@ -1271,6 +1271,222 @@ test_many_rules_in_five_tables(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
     test_many_rules_in_n_tables(5);
 }
 \f
+/* Classifier benchmarks. */
+
+static int n_rules;             /* Number of rules to insert. */
+static int n_priorities;        /* Number of priorities to use. */
+static int n_tables;            /* Number of subtables. */
+static int n_threads;           /* Number of threads to search and mutate. */
+static int n_lookups;           /* Number of lookups each thread performs. */
+
+static void benchmark(bool use_wc);
+
+static int
+elapsed(const struct timeval *start)
+{
+    struct timeval end;
+
+    xgettimeofday(&end);
+    return timeval_to_msec(&end) - timeval_to_msec(start);
+}
+
+static void
+run_benchmarks(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
+{
+    if (ctx->argc < 5
+        || (ctx->argc > 1 && !strcmp(ctx->argv[1], "--help"))) {
+        printf(
+            "usage: ovstest %s benchmark <n_rules> <n_priorities> <n_subtables> <n_threads> <n_lookups>\n"
+            "\n"
+            "where:\n"
+            "\n"
+            "<n_rules>      - The number of rules to install for lookups.  More rules\n"
+            "                 makes misses less likely.\n"
+            "<n_priorities> - How many different priorities to use.  Using only 1\n"
+            "                 priority will force lookups to continue through all\n"
+            "                 subtables.\n"
+            "<n_subtables>  - Number of subtables to use.  Normally a classifier has\n"
+            "                 rules with different kinds of masks, resulting in\n"
+            "                 multiple subtables (one per mask).  However, in some\n"
+            "                 special cases a table may consist of only one kind of\n"
+            "                 rules, so there will be only one subtable.\n"
+            "<n_threads>    - How many lookup threads to use.  Using one thread should\n"
+            "                 give less variance accross runs, but classifier\n"
+            "                 scaling can be tested with multiple threads.\n"
+            "<n_lookups>    - How many lookups each thread should perform.\n"
+            "\n", program_name);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    n_rules = strtol(ctx->argv[1], NULL, 10);
+    n_priorities = strtol(ctx->argv[2], NULL, 10);
+    n_tables = strtol(ctx->argv[3], NULL, 10);
+    n_threads = strtol(ctx->argv[4], NULL, 10);
+    n_lookups = strtol(ctx->argv[5], NULL, 10);
+
+    printf("\nBenchmarking with:\n"
+           "%d rules with %d priorities in %d tables, "
+           "%d threads doing %d lookups each\n",
+           n_rules, n_priorities, n_tables, n_threads, n_lookups);
+
+    puts("\nWithout wildcards: \n");
+    benchmark(false);
+    puts("\nWith wildcards: \n");
+    benchmark(true);
+}
+
+struct cls_aux {
+    const struct classifier *cls;
+    size_t n_lookup_flows;
+    struct flow *lookup_flows;
+    bool use_wc;
+    atomic_int hits;
+    atomic_int misses;
+};
+
+static void *
+lookup_classifier(void *aux_)
+{
+    struct cls_aux *aux = aux_;
+    cls_version_t version = CLS_MIN_VERSION;
+    int hits = 0, old_hits;
+    int misses = 0, old_misses;
+    size_t i;
+
+    random_set_seed(1);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n_lookups; i++) {
+        const struct cls_rule *cr;
+        struct flow_wildcards wc;
+        unsigned int x;
+
+        x = random_range(aux->n_lookup_flows);
+
+        if (aux->use_wc) {
+            flow_wildcards_init_catchall(&wc);
+            cr = classifier_lookup(aux->cls, version, &aux->lookup_flows[x],
+                                   &wc);
+        } else {
+            cr = classifier_lookup(aux->cls, version, &aux->lookup_flows[x],
+                                   NULL);
+        }
+        if (cr) {
+            hits++;
+        } else {
+            misses++;
+        }
+    }
+    atomic_add(&aux->hits, hits, &old_hits);
+    atomic_add(&aux->misses, misses, &old_misses);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Benchmark classification. */
+static void
+benchmark(bool use_wc)
+{
+    struct classifier cls;
+    cls_version_t version = CLS_MIN_VERSION;
+    struct cls_aux aux;
+    int *wcfs = xmalloc(n_tables * sizeof *wcfs);
+    int *priorities = xmalloc(n_priorities * sizeof *priorities);
+    struct timeval start;
+    pthread_t *threads;
+    int i;
+
+    fatal_signal_init();
+
+    random_set_seed(1);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n_tables; i++) {
+        do {
+            wcfs[i] = random_uint32() & ((1u << CLS_N_FIELDS) - 1);
+        } while (array_contains(wcfs, i, wcfs[i]));
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n_priorities; i++) {
+        priorities[i] = (i * 129) & INT_MAX;
+    }
+    shuffle(priorities, n_priorities);
+
+    classifier_init(&cls, flow_segment_u64s);
+    set_prefix_fields(&cls);
+
+    /* Create lookup flows. */
+    aux.use_wc = use_wc;
+    aux.cls = &cls;
+    aux.n_lookup_flows = 2 * N_FLOW_VALUES;
+    aux.lookup_flows = xzalloc(aux.n_lookup_flows * sizeof *aux.lookup_flows);
+    for (i = 0; i < aux.n_lookup_flows; i++) {
+        struct flow *flow = &aux.lookup_flows[i];
+        unsigned int x;
+
+        x = random_range(N_FLOW_VALUES);
+        flow->nw_src = nw_src_values[get_value(&x, N_NW_SRC_VALUES)];
+        flow->nw_dst = nw_dst_values[get_value(&x, N_NW_DST_VALUES)];
+        flow->tunnel.tun_id = tun_id_values[get_value(&x, N_TUN_ID_VALUES)];
+        flow->metadata = metadata_values[get_value(&x, N_METADATA_VALUES)];
+        flow->in_port.ofp_port = in_port_values[get_value(&x,
+                                                          N_IN_PORT_VALUES)];
+        flow->vlan_tci = vlan_tci_values[get_value(&x, N_VLAN_TCI_VALUES)];
+        flow->dl_type = dl_type_values[get_value(&x, N_DL_TYPE_VALUES)];
+        flow->tp_src = tp_src_values[get_value(&x, N_TP_SRC_VALUES)];
+        flow->tp_dst = tp_dst_values[get_value(&x, N_TP_DST_VALUES)];
+        flow->dl_src = dl_src_values[get_value(&x, N_DL_SRC_VALUES)];
+        flow->dl_dst = dl_dst_values[get_value(&x, N_DL_DST_VALUES)];
+        flow->nw_proto = nw_proto_values[get_value(&x, N_NW_PROTO_VALUES)];
+        flow->nw_tos = nw_dscp_values[get_value(&x, N_NW_DSCP_VALUES)];
+    }
+    atomic_init(&aux.hits, 0);
+    atomic_init(&aux.misses, 0);
+
+    /* Rule insertion. */
+    for (i = 0; i < n_rules; i++) {
+        struct test_rule *rule;
+        const struct cls_rule *old_cr;
+
+        int priority = priorities[random_range(n_priorities)];
+        int wcf = wcfs[random_range(n_tables)];
+        int value_pat = random_uint32() & ((1u << CLS_N_FIELDS) - 1);
+
+        rule = make_rule(wcf, priority, value_pat);
+        old_cr = classifier_find_rule_exactly(&cls, &rule->cls_rule, version);
+        if (!old_cr) {
+            classifier_insert(&cls, &rule->cls_rule, version, NULL, 0);
+        } else {
+            free_rule(rule);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Lookup. */
+    xgettimeofday(&start);
+    threads = xmalloc(n_threads * sizeof *threads);
+    for (i = 0; i < n_threads; i++) {
+        threads[i] = ovs_thread_create("lookups", lookup_classifier, &aux);
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < n_threads; i++) {
+        xpthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
+    }
+
+    int elapsed_msec = elapsed(&start);
+
+    free(threads);
+
+    int hits, misses;
+    atomic_read(&aux.hits, &hits);
+    atomic_read(&aux.misses, &misses);
+    printf("hits: %d, misses: %d\n", hits, misses);
+
+    printf("classifier lookups:  %5d ms, %"PRId64" lookups/sec\n",
+           elapsed_msec,
+           (((uint64_t)hits + misses) * 1000) / elapsed_msec);
+
+    destroy_classifier(&cls);
+    free(aux.lookup_flows);
+    free(priorities);
+    free(wcfs);
+}
+\f
 /* Miniflow tests. */
 
 static uint32_t
@@ -1425,6 +1641,45 @@ wildcard_extra_bits(struct flow_wildcards *mask)
     }
 }
 
+/* Returns a copy of 'src'.  The caller must eventually free the returned
+ * miniflow with free(). */
+static struct miniflow *
+miniflow_clone__(const struct miniflow *src)
+{
+    struct miniflow *dst;
+    size_t data_size;
+
+    data_size = miniflow_alloc(&dst, 1, src);
+    miniflow_clone(dst, src, data_size / sizeof(uint64_t));
+    return dst;
+}
+
+/* Returns a hash value for 'flow', given 'basis'. */
+static inline uint32_t
+miniflow_hash__(const struct miniflow *flow, uint32_t basis)
+{
+    const uint64_t *p = miniflow_get_values(flow);
+    size_t n_values = miniflow_n_values(flow);
+    struct flowmap hash_map = FLOWMAP_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
+    uint32_t hash = basis;
+    size_t idx;
+
+    FLOWMAP_FOR_EACH_INDEX(idx, flow->map) {
+        uint64_t value = *p++;
+
+        if (value) {
+            hash = hash_add64(hash, value);
+            flowmap_set(&hash_map, idx, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    map_t map;
+    FLOWMAP_FOR_EACH_MAP (map, hash_map) {
+        hash = hash_add64(hash, map);
+    }
+
+    return hash_finish(hash, n_values);
+}
+
 static void
 test_miniflow(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
 {
@@ -1434,33 +1689,33 @@ test_miniflow(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
     random_set_seed(0xb3faca38);
     for (idx = 0; next_random_flow(&flow, idx); idx++) {
         const uint64_t *flow_u64 = (const uint64_t *) &flow;
-        struct miniflow miniflow, miniflow2, miniflow3;
+        struct miniflow *miniflow, *miniflow2, *miniflow3;
         struct flow flow2, flow3;
         struct flow_wildcards mask;
-        struct minimask minimask;
+        struct minimask *minimask;
         int i;
 
         /* Convert flow to miniflow. */
-        miniflow_init(&miniflow, &flow);
+        miniflow = miniflow_create(&flow);
 
         /* Check that the flow equals its miniflow. */
-        assert(miniflow_get_vid(&miniflow) == vlan_tci_to_vid(flow.vlan_tci));
+        assert(miniflow_get_vid(miniflow) == vlan_tci_to_vid(flow.vlan_tci));
         for (i = 0; i < FLOW_U64S; i++) {
-            assert(miniflow_get(&miniflow, i) == flow_u64[i]);
+            assert(miniflow_get(miniflow, i) == flow_u64[i]);
         }
 
         /* Check that the miniflow equals itself. */
-        assert(miniflow_equal(&miniflow, &miniflow));
+        assert(miniflow_equal(miniflow, miniflow));
 
         /* Convert miniflow back to flow and verify that it's the same. */
-        miniflow_expand(&miniflow, &flow2);
+        miniflow_expand(miniflow, &flow2);
         assert(flow_equal(&flow, &flow2));
 
         /* Check that copying a miniflow works properly. */
-        miniflow_clone(&miniflow2, &miniflow);
-        assert(miniflow_equal(&miniflow, &miniflow2));
-        assert(miniflow_hash(&miniflow, 0) == miniflow_hash(&miniflow2, 0));
-        miniflow_expand(&miniflow2, &flow3);
+        miniflow2 = miniflow_clone__(miniflow);
+        assert(miniflow_equal(miniflow, miniflow2));
+        assert(miniflow_hash__(miniflow, 0) == miniflow_hash__(miniflow2, 0));
+        miniflow_expand(miniflow2, &flow3);
         assert(flow_equal(&flow, &flow3));
 
         /* Check that masked matches work as expected for identical flows and
@@ -1468,26 +1723,28 @@ test_miniflow(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
         do {
             next_random_flow(&mask.masks, 1);
         } while (flow_wildcards_is_catchall(&mask));
-        minimask_init(&minimask, &mask);
-        assert(minimask_is_catchall(&minimask)
+        minimask = minimask_create(&mask);
+        assert(minimask_is_catchall(minimask)
                == flow_wildcards_is_catchall(&mask));
-        assert(miniflow_equal_in_minimask(&miniflow, &miniflow2, &minimask));
-        assert(miniflow_equal_flow_in_minimask(&miniflow, &flow2, &minimask));
-        assert(miniflow_hash_in_minimask(&miniflow, &minimask, 0x12345678) ==
-               flow_hash_in_minimask(&flow, &minimask, 0x12345678));
+        assert(miniflow_equal_in_minimask(miniflow, miniflow2, minimask));
+        assert(miniflow_equal_flow_in_minimask(miniflow, &flow2, minimask));
+        assert(miniflow_hash_in_minimask(miniflow, minimask, 0x12345678) ==
+               flow_hash_in_minimask(&flow, minimask, 0x12345678));
+        assert(minimask_hash(minimask, 0) ==
+               miniflow_hash__(&minimask->masks, 0));
 
         /* Check that masked matches work as expected for differing flows and
          * miniflows. */
         toggle_masked_flow_bits(&flow2, &mask);
-        assert(!miniflow_equal_flow_in_minimask(&miniflow, &flow2, &minimask));
-        miniflow_init(&miniflow3, &flow2);
-        assert(!miniflow_equal_in_minimask(&miniflow, &miniflow3, &minimask));
+        assert(!miniflow_equal_flow_in_minimask(miniflow, &flow2, minimask));
+        miniflow3 = miniflow_create(&flow2);
+        assert(!miniflow_equal_in_minimask(miniflow, miniflow3, minimask));
 
         /* Clean up. */
-        miniflow_destroy(&miniflow);
-        miniflow_destroy(&miniflow2);
-        miniflow_destroy(&miniflow3);
-        minimask_destroy(&minimask);
+        free(miniflow);
+        free(miniflow2);
+        free(miniflow3);
+        free(minimask);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1495,81 +1752,87 @@ static void
 test_minimask_has_extra(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
 {
     struct flow_wildcards catchall;
-    struct minimask minicatchall;
+    struct minimask *minicatchall;
     struct flow flow;
     unsigned int idx;
 
     flow_wildcards_init_catchall(&catchall);
-    minimask_init(&minicatchall, &catchall);
-    assert(minimask_is_catchall(&minicatchall));
+    minicatchall = minimask_create(&catchall);
+    assert(minimask_is_catchall(minicatchall));
 
     random_set_seed(0x2ec7905b);
     for (idx = 0; next_random_flow(&flow, idx); idx++) {
         struct flow_wildcards mask;
-        struct minimask minimask;
+        struct minimask *minimask;
 
         mask.masks = flow;
-        minimask_init(&minimask, &mask);
-        assert(!minimask_has_extra(&minimask, &minimask));
-        assert(minimask_has_extra(&minicatchall, &minimask)
-               == !minimask_is_catchall(&minimask));
-        if (!minimask_is_catchall(&minimask)) {
-            struct minimask minimask2;
+        minimask = minimask_create(&mask);
+        assert(!minimask_has_extra(minimask, minimask));
+        assert(minimask_has_extra(minicatchall, minimask)
+               == !minimask_is_catchall(minimask));
+        if (!minimask_is_catchall(minimask)) {
+            struct minimask *minimask2;
 
             wildcard_extra_bits(&mask);
-            minimask_init(&minimask2, &mask);
-            assert(minimask_has_extra(&minimask2, &minimask));
-            assert(!minimask_has_extra(&minimask, &minimask2));
-            minimask_destroy(&minimask2);
+            minimask2 = minimask_create(&mask);
+            assert(minimask_has_extra(minimask2, minimask));
+            assert(!minimask_has_extra(minimask, minimask2));
+            free(minimask2);
         }
 
-        minimask_destroy(&minimask);
+        free(minimask);
     }
 
-    minimask_destroy(&minicatchall);
+    free(minicatchall);
 }
 
 static void
 test_minimask_combine(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
 {
     struct flow_wildcards catchall;
-    struct minimask minicatchall;
+    struct minimask *minicatchall;
     struct flow flow;
     unsigned int idx;
 
     flow_wildcards_init_catchall(&catchall);
-    minimask_init(&minicatchall, &catchall);
-    assert(minimask_is_catchall(&minicatchall));
+    minicatchall = minimask_create(&catchall);
+    assert(minimask_is_catchall(minicatchall));
 
     random_set_seed(0x181bf0cd);
     for (idx = 0; next_random_flow(&flow, idx); idx++) {
-        struct minimask minimask, minimask2, minicombined;
+        struct minimask *minimask, *minimask2;
         struct flow_wildcards mask, mask2, combined, combined2;
-        uint64_t storage[FLOW_U64S];
+        struct {
+            struct minimask minicombined;
+            uint64_t storage[FLOW_U64S];
+        } m;
         struct flow flow2;
 
         mask.masks = flow;
-        minimask_init(&minimask, &mask);
+        minimask = minimask_create(&mask);
 
-        minimask_combine(&minicombined, &minimask, &minicatchall, storage);
-        assert(minimask_is_catchall(&minicombined));
+        minimask_combine(&m.minicombined, minimask, minicatchall, m.storage);
+        assert(minimask_is_catchall(&m.minicombined));
 
         any_random_flow(&flow2);
         mask2.masks = flow2;
-        minimask_init(&minimask2, &mask2);
+        minimask2 = minimask_create(&mask2);
 
-        minimask_combine(&minicombined, &minimask, &minimask2, storage);
+        minimask_combine(&m.minicombined, minimask, minimask2, m.storage);
         flow_wildcards_and(&combined, &mask, &mask2);
-        minimask_expand(&minicombined, &combined2);
+        minimask_expand(&m.minicombined, &combined2);
         assert(flow_wildcards_equal(&combined, &combined2));
 
-        minimask_destroy(&minimask);
-        minimask_destroy(&minimask2);
+        free(minimask);
+        free(minimask2);
     }
 
-    minimask_destroy(&minicatchall);
+    free(minicatchall);
 }
 \f
+
+static void help(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx);
+
 static const struct ovs_cmdl_command commands[] = {
     /* Classifier tests. */
     {"empty", NULL, 0, 0, test_empty},
@@ -1580,15 +1843,46 @@ static const struct ovs_cmdl_command commands[] = {
     {"many-rules-in-one-table", NULL, 0, 1, test_many_rules_in_one_table},
     {"many-rules-in-two-tables", NULL, 0, 0, test_many_rules_in_two_tables},
     {"many-rules-in-five-tables", NULL, 0, 0, test_many_rules_in_five_tables},
+    {"benchmark", NULL, 0, 5, run_benchmarks},
 
     /* Miniflow and minimask tests. */
     {"miniflow", NULL, 0, 0, test_miniflow},
     {"minimask_has_extra", NULL, 0, 0, test_minimask_has_extra},
     {"minimask_combine", NULL, 0, 0, test_minimask_combine},
 
+    {"--help", NULL, 0, 0, help},
     {NULL, NULL, 0, 0, NULL},
 };
 
+static void
+help(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
+{
+    const struct ovs_cmdl_command *p;
+    struct ds test_names = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
+    const int linesize = 80;
+
+    printf("usage: ovstest %s TEST [TESTARGS]\n"
+           "where TEST is one of the following:\n\n",
+           program_name);
+
+    for (p = commands; p->name != NULL; p++) {
+        if (*p->name != '-') { /* Skip internal commands */
+            if (test_names.length > 1
+                && test_names.length + strlen(p->name) + 1 >= linesize) {
+                test_names.length -= 1;
+                printf ("%s\n", ds_cstr(&test_names));
+                ds_clear(&test_names);
+            }
+            ds_put_format(&test_names, "%s, ", p->name);
+        }
+    }
+    if (test_names.length > 2) {
+        test_names.length -= 2;
+        printf("%s\n", ds_cstr(&test_names));
+    }
+    ds_destroy(&test_names);
+}
+
 static void
 test_classifier_main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {